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Results Claim & Hedging Checker

试用

Academic writing revision advisor for the Results section of psychology and STEMM research papers. Checks claim-hedging alignment, causal language appropriateness, statistical reporting completeness, and interpretation boundaries. Triggers when the user asks to review, revise, or check a Results section draft, or mentions hedging, claim strength, overclaiming, or causal language in academic writing.

它能做什么

Academic writing revision advisor for the Results section of psychology and STEMM research papers. Checks claim-hedging alignment, causal language appropriateness, statistical reporting completeness, and interpretation boundaries. Triggers when the user asks to review, revise, or check a Results section draft, or mentions hedging, claim strength, overclaiming, or causal language in academic writing.

技能文档

Results Claim & Hedging Checker

Purpose

Diagnose and revise the Results section of psychology / STEMM research papers for five recurring problem types: (1) missing or excessive hedging, (2) claim strength mismatched to statistical evidence, (3) causal language inappropriate for the design, (4) theoretical interpretation leaking into Results, and (5) subjective evaluative language. Produce a sentence-level audit with risk ratings and concrete revision suggestions, grounded in 18 curated examples from 8 classic psychology papers.

When to Use

  • User submits a Results section draft (full or partial) and asks for review or revision.
  • User mentions "hedging," "claim strength," "overclaiming," "causal language," or "Results section" in the context of academic writing.
  • User asks to check whether their Results section is "too strong" or "too speculative."
  • User wants to align their writing with conventions observed in published psychology / STEMM papers.

When NOT to Use

  • Reviewing Introduction, Discussion, or Method sections (different conventions apply).
  • General proofreading for grammar, spelling, or formatting (use general editing tools instead).
  • Checking the validity of the statistical analysis itself (this skill evaluates reporting, not analysis).
  • Non-academic writing tasks (e.g., blog posts, reports, marketing copy).

Inputs

  • Required: A Results section draft in English or Chinese (plain text, Markdown, or a file path to .md/.txt/.docx).
  • Optional: The paper's research design (experimental, correlational, cross-sectional, longitudinal) — improves causal-language diagnosis accuracy.
  • Optional: Target journal or style guide (e.g., APA 7th) — adjusts formatting expectations for statistical reporting.

Workflow

Step 1 — Parse and Segment

  1. Read the submitted Results draft.
  2. Split the text into individual sentences or minimal clause-level units. Each unit becomes one diagnostic record.
  3. Tag each unit with its sequential position (e.g., S1, S2, S3 …) for traceability.

Step 2 — Classify Each Unit

For every sentence, check against the five diagnostic dimensions. A sentence may trigger more than one dimension.

DimensionWhat to detectReference examples
D1. HedgingMissing hedging where indirect evidence is used; or excessive hedging that undermines clear findingsF-01, F-05, F-07, F-09, F-16
D2. Claim Strength vs. EvidenceOverclaims beyond what the statistics support; strong claim words ("strong evidence," "robust finding") used without corresponding evidence; causal leaps from correlational dataF-03, F-10, F-15
D3. Causal LanguageStrong causal verbs ("caused," "produced," "leads to," "determines") used when design does not support causal inference, or even when it does but Results convention favors neutral phrasingF-06, F-11, F-13
D4. Interpretation in ResultsTheoretical mechanisms, "because" explanations, hypothesis restatements, or discussion-level conclusions appearing in ResultsF-04, F-08, F-12, F-18
D5. Subjective / Evaluative LanguageEvaluative adjectives ("instructive," "conspicuous," "remarkable"), subjective hedges ("It is helpful to consider," "Interestingly,"), or absolute expressions ("leave no room for doubt," "prove")F-02, F-14, F-15, F-17

Step 3 — Score Each Unit

Apply the scoring rubric (below) to assign a 1—5 分 per dimension per sentence(5 分为最高,1 分为最低)。如果某个维度没有问题,该维度应得 5 分。不得在输出中使用"2 分 / Pass"这种含糊表述——直接给出 1—5 的数字分数。如果某句在所有五个维度上均为 5 分,则该句无需出现在报告中(除非用户要求全文审计)。

Step 4 — Generate Revision Suggestions

For each flagged sentence:

  1. Quote the original text.
  2. State the diagnosed problem and the dimension it falls under.
  3. Provide a concrete revision suggestion — not just "add hedging" but the actual revised sentence.
  4. If available, cite the matching reference example (by Example ID) and the reusable rule extracted from it.

Step 5 — Compile Output

Assemble all diagnostic results into the output format specified below. 最终输出必须严格使用以下六个标题,不得使用其他自定义标题Dimension Score / Key Problems / Evidence from Draft / Example-based Comparison / Revision Suggestions / Priority Level),以便汇总 Skill 统一整合各子 Skill 的诊断结果。不得添加额外的自定义标题或省略任何一个标准标题。

Dimension Score 部分必须

  1. 先给出 D1—D5 每个维度的分数(1—5 分,5 分为最高)。
  2. 再给出一个总体分(1—5 分),综合各维度评分得出。
  3. 附一句话总评。
  4. 如果用户草稿质量较高(各维度均为 5 分或仅有轻微风格问题),总体分应相应较高(4 分或 5 分)。
  5. Summary 中不得出现"2 分 / Pass"的标记——直接使用 1—5 的数字分数。

Scoring Rubric

每个维度采用 1—5 分制,5 分为最高(无问题),1 分为最低(严重问题)。每个维度独立评分后,综合各维度给出一个总体分(1—5 分),并附一句话总评。

分值含义行动要求
5无问题:声称强度与证据匹配,hedging 恰当,因果语言与设计一致,无理论解释渗入,无主观评价词无需修改
4轻微:风格偏好层面的微小问题,不影响科学准确性可选修改;低优先级
3中度:声称略超出证据支持,或 hedging 缺失/过度建议修改;说明原因
2较严重:因果语言与设计不匹配,或相关数据写成因果断言,或 Results 中出现理论解释推荐修改;解释误导风险
1严重:绝对化断言(prove, definitely),因果跳跃严重,使用强动词且无对应证据必须修改;解释误导风险

注意:如果某个维度没有问题,该维度应得 5 分,不得使用"Pass""2 分 / Pass"等含糊表述。

Dimension-Specific Criteria

D1 — Hedging

  • 5: hedging 使用恰当,既不过度也不缺失。
  • 4: hedging 略弱或略强,属风格偏好。
  • 3: 间接证据(中介、机制、观察数据)处缺少 hedging。
  • 2: 相关数据上直接因果断言且零 hedging。
  • 1: 无任何 hedging 的绝对化因果断言。

D2 — Claim Strength vs. Evidence

  • 5: 所有声称都有充分的统计证据支持,声称强度与证据匹配,无过度声称或因果跳跃。
  • 4: 声称强度与证据基本匹配,仅有微小风格问题。
  • 3: 部分声称强度略超出证据支持(如使用 "strong evidence" 但未提供效应量或置信区间,或从相关结果推断因果)。
  • 2: 声称明显超出证据支持(如使用 "robust finding" 但统计证据薄弱,或相关数据写成因果断言)。
  • 1: 大量声称缺乏证据支持,因果跳跃严重,使用 "prove""cause""definitely" 等强动词且无对应证据。

职责边界:本维度不负责统计报告格式的完整性检查(如效应量、置信区间的具体格式)。单纯缺少效应量或置信区间且未使用强声称词时,不作为扣分项。

D3 — Causal Language

  • 5: 因果语言与设计类型完美匹配,或主动声明不可做因果推断。
  • 4: 真实验中使用 "resulted in" 等略强动词,可更中性但非错误。
  • 3: 准实验或观察性数据中使用 "leads to""causes" 等因果词。
  • 2: 横断面相关数据上使用 "caused""produced""determined" 等强因果词。
  • 1: 观察性数据上使用绝对化因果断言且无任何限制声明。

行为用法豁免:当触发词(如 "produced")用于描述被试行为(如 "participants produced responses")而非因果推断时,不视为问题,该维度记 5 分

D4 — Interpretation in Results

  • 5: 纯数据报告,无理论解释渗入;混淆变量处主动声明限制。
  • 4: 单句中嵌有一个简短的理论从句,但不影响整体报告性质。
  • 3: 完整的 "because X … therefore Y" 解释句出现在 Results 中。
  • 2: 段落级别的理论讨论或假设重述出现在 Results 中。
  • 1: Results 中出现结论性总结 + 理论解释,完全偏离结果报告。

D5 — Subjective / Evaluative Language

  • 5: 用词完全客观,无评价性语言或绝对化表达。
  • 4: 单个评价性形容词(如 "interesting")出现在其他客观的句子中。
  • 3: 主观引导语(如 "It is instructive to …""It is helpful to consider …")。
  • 2: 评价性形容词与主观框架组合使用。
  • 1: 绝对化表达(如 "leave no room for doubt""proved""definitely")+ 主观框架。

Output Format

最终输出必须严格使用以下六个标题,不得使用其他自定义标题,以便汇总 Skill 统一整合各子 Skill 的诊断结果。

# Results Claim & Hedging Audit

## Dimension Score

评分:1—5 分(**5 分为最高,1 分为最低**)。先给出 D1—D5 每个维度的分数,再给出一个总体分,并附一句话总评。不得使用"2 分 / Pass"等含糊表述。

> 示例(高质量草稿,各维度均无问题):
> - D1 Hedging: 5 分 — hedging 使用恰当,无过度或缺失。
> - D2 Claim Strength vs. Evidence: 5 分 — 声称强度与证据匹配,无过度声称。
> - D3 Causal Language: 5 分 — 因果语言与设计类型匹配,无问题。
> - D4 Interpretation: 5 分 — 纯数据报告,无理论解释渗入。
> - D5 Subjective Language: 5 分 — 用词客观,无评价性语言。
> - **总体分: 5 分** — 草稿质量较高,声称强度与证据匹配,无过度声称或因果跳跃。

> 示例(存在问题的草稿):
> - D1 Hedging: 3 分 — 间接证据处缺少 hedging。
> - D2 Claim Strength vs. Evidence: 2 分 — 使用 "strong evidence" 但未提供对应统计证据。
> - D3 Causal Language: 4 分 — 因果语言基本匹配,个别动词可更中性。
> - D4 Interpretation: 5 分 — 无理论解释渗入。
> - D5 Subjective Language: 3 分 — 出现 "instructive" 等评价性形容词。
> - **总体分: 3 分** — 存在多处声称-证据不匹配和 hedging 缺失,建议逐句修改。

## Key Problems

主要问题:逐条列出。

> 示例:
> 1. S4 使用 "strong evidence" 但未提供效应量或置信区间支撑。
> 2. S6 的 "produced" 虽在结构启动文献中属惯用行为动词,但匹配 D3 触发词清单。

## Evidence from Draft

原文证据:摘录相关句子。

> 示例:
> - **S4**: "It showed a strong main effect of prime type (Estimate = .56, SE = .16, z = 3.60, p < .001)."
> - **S6**: "Pair-wise comparisons indicated that participants produced fewer DO responses following PO-An primes."

## Example-based Comparison

与 examples 的对照:引用具体 Example ID 并说明对应关系。

> 示例:
> - **S4 vs. F-07**(Elkin et al., 1989):F-07 使用 "there was evidence of significant superiority" 进行适度 hedging,而 S4 直接使用 "strong",声称强度超出证据支持。
> - **S6 vs. F-01**(Milgram, 1963):F-01 使用 "showed signs of" 描述被试行为,是规范的行为描述;S6 的 "produced" 同样用于描述被试行为,属行为用法豁免。

## Revision Suggestions

修改建议:逐句给出可操作的替换方案。

> 示例:
> - **S4 修改前**: "It showed a strong main effect of prime type (Estimate = .56, SE = .16, z = 3.60, p < .001)."
>   **S4 修改后**: "It showed a main effect of prime type (Estimate = .56, SE = .16, z = 3.60, p < .001)."
> - **S6 修改前**: "participants produced fewer DO responses following PO-An primes"
>   **S6 修改后**: "participants gave fewer DO responses following PO-An primes"

## Priority Level

修改优先级:按高、中、低排列。

> 示例:
> - **高**: S4 — 强声称词 "strong" 缺乏证据支撑,可能误导读者高估效应大小。需删除 "strong" 或补充效应量。
> - **中**: S6 — "produced" 触发 D3 但属行为用法豁免,替换为 "gave" 可消除歧义,非必须。
> - **低**: 全文风格统一性检查,建议后续通读确认所有声称词与证据匹配。

Reference Files

  • references/examples/examples_memberF.md — 18 curated examples (F-01 ~ F-18) from 8 classic psychology papers. Load this file before generating revision suggestions to match user sentences against canonical patterns.
  • references/rubric.md — (Placeholder) Extended scoring rubric with domain-specific rules.
  • references/checklist.md — (Placeholder) Pre-submission checklist for authors.

Limitations

  1. Domain scope: Examples are drawn from classic psychology papers (social, clinical, developmental, cognitive). Conventions in other STEMM fields (e.g., genomics, neuroscience) may differ; apply judgment.
  2. Language scope: Optimized for English academic writing. Chinese-language Results sections follow related but distinct conventions; use with caution.
  3. Statistical analysis validity: This skill evaluates how results are reported, not whether the analysis is correct. It cannot detect p-hacking, violations of assumptions, or inappropriate tests.
  4. Design inference: If the user does not provide the research design, causal-language diagnosis (D3) defaults to conservative — flagging any strong causal verb. Provide design information for more accurate scoring.
  5. False positives: Sentences that legitimately summarize results at the end of a Results subsection may be flagged for D4 (Interpretation). Use human judgment to distinguish concluding summaries from theoretical discussion.
  6. Example coverage: The 18 examples cover five dimensions but do not exhaust all possible Results-section issues (e.g., table/figure referencing, negative-result reporting, replication language). Expand the example set as needed.
  7. Statistical reporting format is out of scope: 本 Skill 不负责统计报告格式检查,包括效应量、置信区间的具体报告格式和完整性。这些由 results-statistics-convention-checker 负责。
  8. D2 仅在强声称与证据不匹配时触发: 本 Skill 仅在作者使用强声称词(如 "strong effect""clear evidence""robust finding""definitely")却未提供相应统计证据时,从 claim strength 与证据匹配的角度进行提示。如果结果本身未使用强声称,单纯缺少效应量或置信区间不应作为本 Skill 的扣分项。
  9. D3 触发词的行为用法不扣分: 当触发词(如 "produced")用于描述被试行为(如 "participants produced responses")而非因果推断(如 "the prime produced the effect")时,不应视为问题。判定关键在于主语是否为实验操纵变量及其是否暗示因果关系。

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